ITEM# 2110 GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT

60mg per Capsule

(60 Capsules)

Ginkgo Biloba is one of the worlds oldest living species. Found throughout the world, it is extremely hardy and has the ability to resist pollution, fungi, and disease. Some suggest that ginkgo may reduce inflammation, inhibit free radicals, reduce inner ear problems, enhance energy, improve glucose utilization and enhance faster healing. Ginkgo is effective because it restores capillary integrity and improves circulation, making it easier for each cell to get the necessary nutrients. It may also play a part in improving memory.

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract is the most widely sold phytomedicine in Europe, where it is used to treat the symptoms of early-stage Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, peripheral claudication, and tinnitus of vascular origin. It also is one of the 10 best-selling herbal medications in the United States. There are over 120 published clinical studies on ginkgo, primarily from Europe. The standardized preparation of Ginkgo biloba extract is EGb 761. In the United States, ginkgo is classified as a dietary supplement; the American brands that are comparable with EGb 761 that have been subjected to clinical studies are Ginkgold, Ginkoba, and Ginkai. Standardized preparations contain 24 percent ginkgo flavonoid glycosides, 6 percent terpene lactones, and no more than 5 parts per million ginkgolic acids.

Pharmacology

The mechanism of action of ginkgo is believed to be produced by its functions as a neuroprotective agent, an antioxidant, a free-radical scavenger, a membrane stabilizer, and an inhibitor of platelet-activating factor via the terpene ginkgolide B.^3-6 Other pharmacologic effects include the following: endothelium relaxation mediated by inhibition of 3',5'-cyclic GMP (guanosine monophosphate) phosphodiesterase; inhibition of age-related loss of muscarinergic cholinoceptors and a-adrenoceptors; and stimulation of choline uptake in the hippocampus. Ginkgo extract also has been shown to inhibit beta-amyloid deposition.

Uses and Efficacy

cerebrovascular disease, dementia, and memory enhancement

A systematic review of eight randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies concluded that ginkgo had modest effects on improving the symptoms of dementia and cerebral insufficiency equivalent to pharmacologic therapy with ergoloid mesylates (Hydergine). A later meta-analysis surveyed 50 articles to examine the effect of ginkgo on objective measures of cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. [Evidence level A, meta-analysis] Four of these studies met inclusion criteria for adequate clinical trial design. In the 212 subjects in the placebo and ginkgo groups, a significant overall effect size was found that was comparable with the benefits of donepezil (Aricept). Efficacy was measured using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) and other standardized measures of cognition.

A review of studies of at least six months in duration demonstrated that ginkgo extract and second-generation cholinesterase inhibitors were equally effective in treating mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia. A systematic review of nine studies on ginkgo use showed a safe and positive effect beyond placebo, but the investigators remained tentative in recommending it for treatment of dementia until better studies are conducted. A Cochrane meta-analysis of 33 trials concluded that ginkgo appears to be safe, and showed promising evidence of improvement of cognition and function among patients who received the herb.

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